Version both utilize multi-radar hybrid Z H to derive the radar-based The radar QPE algorithm in the National Oceanic and AtmosphericĪdministration (NOAA) Multi-Radar/Multi-Sensor System (MRMS) and its refined AmongĬonventional radar QPE algorithms, those developed based on Z H measurementsĪre typical and are still in use today. In practical applications, it is crucial toĬonsider these three factors as a whole to ensure radar rainfall estimatesĪpproximate the surface rainfall truth as much as possible. Measurement error, parameterization error of various radar–rain rate ( R) In general, three main factors contribute to radar QPE uncertainties: radar Has only been able to extract some information on complex spatiotemporal Traditional utilization of these measurements Of polarimetric radar measurements, including horizontal reflectivity Z H,ĭifferential reflectivity Z DR, copolar correlation coefficient ρ HV,ĭifferential propagation phase Φ DP, and its range derivative K DP Microphysics in an adaptive manner to optimize the quantitative applications Is still a challenge to incorporate complex precipitation dynamics and Improved weather radar applications in hydrometeorology remote sensing, it (Chandrasekar et al., 2018 Cifelli et al., 2018 Chen and Chandrasekar, 2018).Īlthough technological advances such as dual-polarization have tremendously Such as quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), in support of theĪpplication of some hydrological models for water resource management,Įspecially during high-impact weather events in urban environments Indispensable role in modern meteorological and hydrological applications, Weather radars form the cornerstone of national weather warnings andįorecast infrastructure in many countries. Self-consistency between Z H C, Z ^ DR, and K DP,Īs well as their consistency with the surface counterparts. The utilization of Z ^ DR, which equals physicallyĬonverting breakup-dominated measurements in radar volume gates to theirĬoalescence-dominated counterparts, and this also benefits from the better Unique microphysical process in which the breakup-dominated small-sizedĭrops above transition to the coalescence-dominated large-sized dropsįalling near the surface. To overestimate rainfall around the GWS of YDM, mainly ascribed to the ( Z DR M ), and their corrected counterparts (iii) The twin-parameter radar rainfall estimates ![]() Its expected values ( Z ^ DR ) estimated by DSD-simulated Volume gates, which accounts for the phenomenon where the high numberĬoncentration rather than the large size of drops contributes more to a givenĪttenuation-corrected Z H ( Z H C ) and the significantĭeviation of attenuation-corrected Z DR ( Z DR C ) from Noticeably make radar measurements prone to be breakup-dominated in radar (ii) The microphysical processes, in which breakup overwhelmsĬoalescence in the coalescence–breakup balance of precipitation particles, Reflectivity ( Z H), differential reflectivity ( Z DR), and the specificĭifferential phase ( K DP), as well as the consistency between radar, disdrometers,Īnd gauges. The main findings include the following: (i) the quality control processing for radar and disdrometers, which collect raindrop size distribution (DSD) data, effectively enhances the self-consistency between radar measurements, such as radar The waterlogged area in the groove windward slope (GWS) of Yandang Mountain (YDM)Īnd Kuocang Mountain, China. ![]() Multi-source datasets and radar quantitative precipitation estimation wereĭisentangled using a suite of in situ and remote sensing observations around ![]() Typhoon Lekima (2019) and its potential impacts on the consistency of The problem I'm having is understanding the solution, the first step of the model answer is: "Let the raindrop have a radius r, after falling a distance y through the cloud.The complex precipitation microphysics associated with super Assuming that the raindrop starts with negligible size and picks up any condensed water it passes through" What volume fraction of the cloud is made of condensed water. After falling 1km it has a radius of 5mm. Previous post: I've been trying to solve this physics problem today " Spherical raindrop falls through a cloud with uniform density. I don't get why it should be like that, any idea? Where $V_c$ is the volume swept by the ball and $y$ is the position of the ball along the moving direction. EDIT: I've read that a ball moving in a rectilinear motion with a non-constant radio, $r$ satisfies that
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